The Evolving Role of ctDNA-Based Minimal Residual Disease Testing in Immunotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Experts discuss recent advances in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) testing for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), highlighting findings from three key ESMO 2025 studies, CheckMate 274, SunRISe-4, and IMvigor011, and emphasizing the growing role of ctDNA in identifying high-risk patients and guiding more personalized treatment strategies.