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The Management of Early Ovarian CancerApproximately one third of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer present with localized or early-stage disease. Prognostic features identify certain subsets of patients with good risk characteristics who do not require adjuvant
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Gastric CancerThis comprehensive guide for oncologists covers the diagnosis, staging, treatment, and management of gastric cancer.
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Economic and Quality of Life Outcomes in OncologyThis publication is the fourth in a series of quality of life symposia proceedings. The title of our first symposium, which took place in 1989, was "Quality of Life in Current Oncology Practice and Research." In the foreword to the first proceedings, we
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Response of the Normal Eye to High Dose RadiotherapyRadiation therapy of tumors near the eye or optic nerves often requires incidental irradiation of these structures, even when they are not clinically involved by tumor. Depending on the radiation treatment volume and dose required, radiation injury to the lens, lacrimal apparatus, retina, or optic nerve may result. The time to expression and severity of injury are dose-dependent. This paper reviews the results of 157 patients who were followed for a minimum of 3 years after radiotherapy for primary extracranial tumors at the University of Florida, in which the lacrimal gland, lens, retina, and/or optic nerve(s) received irradiation. This review shows that, after treatment at approximately 1.8 to 2.0 Gy per fraction, the incidence of severe dry-eye syndrome, retinopathy, and optic neuropathy appears to increase steeply after doses of 40, 50, and 60 Gy, respectively. [ONCOLOGY 10(6):837-852, 1996]
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Gemcitabine and Paclitaxel as Salvage Therapy in Metastatic Breast CancerIn a phase II trial, 29 patients with anthracycline-pretreated or anthracycline-resistant metastatic breast cancer in whom anthracycline-containing first- or second-line chemotherapy failed received combination paclitaxel
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Genomic Testing in Colorectal Cancer: How Much Is Enough?The identification and characterization of gene signatures, driver events, and pharmacogenomics in molecularly homogeneous subsets of patients is likely to advance effective drug development strategies in colorectal cancer.
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Renal Cancer Management in a Patient With Chronic Kidney DiseaseA 69-year-old man presented in the urology clinic for evaluation of bilateral renal masses, discovered incidentally during routine exams for follow-up of his chronic kidney disease.
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Perioperative Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal TumorsGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal or a precursor and are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.[1] Although GISTs often present as localized masses, they are typified by a high risk of metastatic relapse, most commonly in the liver and peritoneum.
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The Oral Fluorouracil ProdrugsDiscussed herein are selected oral fluorinated pyrimidines that are converted to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vivo to exert antitumor activity. These agents include capecitabine (Xeloda), tegafur-uracil (UFT) plus leucovorin (Orzel), and S-1 (BMS247616). These agents offer the convenience of an orally administered therapy with potentially fewer toxic effects than conventional bolus regimens of 5-FU plus leucovorin. These oral agents provide prolonged 5-FU exposure at lower peak concentrations than observed with bolus intravenous administration of 5-FU and may confer pharmacoeconomic advantages by reducing administration costs and toxicity-related hospitalizations. These regimens also have the potential for improved therapeutic activity by achieving higher 5-FU concentrations in the tumor or by biochemically modulating 5-FU. Phase III trials in patients with advanced colorectal carcinomas are comparing the antitumor activity of these agents with that of intravenous 5-FU plus leucovorin. [ONCOLOGY 12(Suppl 7):48-51, 1998]
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High-Dose Chemotherapy With Autologous Stem Cell Rescue in the Outpatient SettingOutpatient bone marrow transplant (BMT) strategies, as reviewed by Dix and Geller, have evolved for various reasons—from social to medical. If high-dose approaches are to become a viable treatment for common cancers, such as breast cancer, the refinement of transplants to a “kinder and gentler” approach is essential.
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Molecular Markers for Diagnosis, Staging, and Prognosis of Bladder CancerConventional histopathologic evaluation of bladder cancer, encompassing tumor grade and stage, is inadequate to accurately predict the behavior of most bladder tumors. Intense research efforts are under way to identify and
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Breast Cancer Surgical Practice GuidelinesThe Society of Surgical Oncology surgical practice guidelines focus on the signs and symptoms of primary cancer, timely evaluation of the symptomatic patient, appropriate preoperative evaluation for extent of disease, and role of the surgeon in
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Retroperitoneal Neuroblastoma Causing Urinary Obstruction in a 5-Month-Old BoyThe patient is a 5-month-old Caucasian boy with no developmental abnormalities who presented Christmas Eve 2004 to his pediatrician with increasing fussiness, emesis, and inability to tolerate oral intake. He had a temperature of 100.2°F but otherwise normal vital signs. Physical exam at that time revealed a distended abdomen. He was sent home with a diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis.
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‘Vitamin R’ and Its Younger SiblingsNo branch of oncology has been more attuned to the vision of new genetically engineered targeted therapies than the field of hematopoietic malignancies. Ujjani and Cheson have produced a masterful summary of one extremely important component of the targeted therapy revolution-the realm of monoclonal antibodies directed against malignant lymphoma surface antigens.[1] The review presents a wonderful update and a glimpse of future potentially curative macromolecular cocktails. It is an attractive vision.
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Toxicities in RTOG Combined-Modality Trials for Inoperable Non–Small-Cell Lung CancerInoperable non–small-cell lung cancer has become the domain of combined-modality treatment based on several recent, large, phase III studies. Results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) phase II studies have
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Treatment of Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Special PopulationsThe benefits of chemotherapy in non–small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC) patients remains, to some extent, restricted to younger patientswith a good performance status (PS). It has long been assumedthat chemotherapy is too toxic and of marginal benefit for elderlyNSCLC patients and those with a PS of 2. Nevertheless, retrospectiveanalyses and more recent prospective trials have suggested that suchpatients enjoy longer survival and a better quality of life when treatedwith chemotherapy. This article will review the data and discuss theirclinical implications.
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Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma: On the Threshold of New TherapiesChemoimmunotherapy has been the most significant step in recent years to improving overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).[1] Despite this major therapeutic advance, a significant proportion of patients will relapse or remain refractory to initial chemoimmunotherapy. The pivotal PARMA trial confirmed the place of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) as the optimum salvage treatment.
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Postmenopausal Hormone Receptor–Positive Advanced Breast CancerThe goals of care for patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive advanced breast cancer include prolongation of disease-free and overall survival, amelioration of symptoms, and improvement in quality of life.
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Pertuzumab and Its Accelerated Approval: Evolving Treatment Paradigms and New Challenges in the Management of HER2-Positive Breast CancerThis article discusses the development of pertuzumab to date, with a particular focus on the accelerated approval decision. We highlight the need to identify reliable biomarkers of sensitivity and resistance to HER2-targeted therapy, which would make possible the individualization of treatment for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Proton Therapy for Prostate CancerThis review discusses the rationale, history, and current status of proton therapy for prostate cancer-and controversies regarding it.
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Investigators Look Past Standard Immunotherapy for Additional Lung Cancer Solutions“That’s the beauty of science. Anything can be intellectual.”
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Opioids in Cancer Pain: Common Dosing ErrorsMany individuals with advanced malignancy continue to sufferfrom pain and, consequently, impaired quality of life. The clinicalscenarios in advanced cancer pain are complex, and successful managementmay require a more sophisticated and individualized approachthan suggested by the World Health Organization guidelines.In patients referred to the Harry R. Horvitz Center for PalliativeMedicine in Cleveland, numerous commonly occurring errors inopioid use have been noted. This article describes these errors andoffers strategies with which to improve outcomes for patients sufferingwith cancer pain.
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Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Treatment Progress and ProspectsAlthough small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents only 20% of all lung cancer cases in the United States, it is the most lethal subtype. Combination chemotherapy unequivocally offers the best chance for improved survival in
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Strategies for Identification and Clinical Evaluation of Promising Chemopreventive AgentsStrategies for chemopreventative drug development are based on the use of well-characterized agents, intermediate biomarkers correlating to cancer incidence, and suitable cohorts for efficacy studies. Since
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Prostate Cancer and African-American MenDr. Powell has written a comprehensive review of factors believed to contribute to the racial differences observed for prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Prostate cancer has a greater negative impact on African-Americans than on any other racial or ethnic group. However, the etiology of the striking racial variation in prostate cancer incidence and mortality remains enigmatic.
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Solitary Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of the BladderPlasmacytoma is a rare B-lymphocyte neoplastic disorder that usually presents as the generalized disease multiple myeloma. Less than 5% of the cases present as a solitary mass of monoclonal plasma cells in the bone or soft tissue. Although solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma (SEP) may arise in any organ, it rarely involves the urinary bladder. A 67-year-old male without a history of multiple myeloma presented with urinary frequency and nocturia; he was later diagnosed with SEP of the bladder. The patient was initially treated with a course of radiation therapy without symptomatic improvement; therefore a chemotherapy regimen consisting of lenalidomide and dexamethasone was subsequently given for six cycles. SEP usually carries a better prognosis and higher cure rate than solitary plasmacytoma of bone, as SEP is radiation sensitive. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of SEP that is resistant to radiation therapy is not clear, since most of the recommendations have been derived from the experience of head and neck SEP. The literature also lacks recommendations for choice of a chemotherapy regimen and surveillance of isolated bladder plasmacytoma. Here we present the first case of a radiation-resistant solitary plasmacytoma of the bladder that was successfully treated with lenalidomide and dexamethasone with successful clinical remission.
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The Molecular Basis of Cancer, 2nd EditionEdited by John Mendolsohn, MD, Peter M. Howley, MD, Mark A. Israel, MD, and Lance A. Liotta, MD, PhD, The Molecular Basis of Cancer is designed for students, researchers, and physicians in a variety of disciplines. It does not provide a detailed description of the clinical manifestations of human neoplasia. There is, instead, an extensive presentation of the scientific basis of cancer development and therapy. The book includes the contributions of 61 authors, virtually all of whom are recognized experts in their respective fields, from throughout the United States and Europe. The references are comprehensive and relatively current, given the lag time in going to press. The book will certainly benefit both basic scientists and clinicians alike.
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Gemcitabine-Containing Regimens vs Others in First-Line Treatment of NSCLCStandard first-line chemotherapy regimens in advanced non-smallcelllung cancer (NSCLC) include carboplatin (Paraplatin)/paclitaxel,cisplatin/docetaxel (Taxotere), cisplatin/gemcitabine (Gemzar), andcisplatin/vinorelbine (Navelbine). An informal meta-analysis of 13 randomizedtrials of these regimens in NSCLC indicates no marked differencesin terms of response rates or survival, but toxicity advantageswith cisplatin/gemcitabine and cisplatin/vinorelbine regimens. An informalmeta-analysis to assess the feasibility of substituting carboplatinfor cisplatin in combination with gemcitabine or docetaxel shows nomarked differences in efficacy between cisplatin- and carboplatincontainingregimens, although a slight trend favoring carboplatin/gemcitabine treatment may be observed; comparison of toxicity profilesamong carboplatin-based regimens suggests advantages forcarboplatin/gemcitabine treatment. A formal meta-analysis of 13 trialscomparing gemcitabine/platinum combinations with other platinumbasedregimens in NSCLC indicates significant improvements inprogression-free survival and overall survival with gemcitabine/platinum treatment. On balance, available data suggest that carboplatin/gemcitabine may be the first-line option with the best therapeutic index.
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ASTRO 2017: QOL Outcomes Among Prostate Cancer Treatment OptionsThis video reviews 4-year quality-of-life results from a prospective, population-based study that looked at prostate cancer patients who selected either active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, or external-beam radiation.
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Advances in the Treatment of Gynecologic MalignanciesOver the past few decades, we have gained a better understanding of the risk factors associated with the recurrence of endometrial cancer. Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy in an intermediate-risk group of
