Pancreatic Cancer

Although still relatively uncommon in Western countries, esophageal cancer is fatal in the vast majority of cases. In the United States, an estimated 16,470 new cases will be diagnosed in the year 2009, and 14,530 deaths will result from the disease. This high percentage of deaths rivals that of pancreatic cancer and is more than four times that of rectal cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. In the year 2009, an estimated 42,470 new cases are expected to be diagnosed, and 35,240 deaths are expected to occur.

GenVec, Inc, announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted orphan drug designation to TNFerade for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

In patients with resected pancreatic cancer, adjuvant cisplatin, 5-FU, and interferon chemoradiation produces a median survival of 27 months, according to initial results of the ACOSOG Z05031 trial. However, nearly all patients experience grade 3 or 4 toxicities.

Metformin reduces an individual’s risk of developing pancreatic cancer by 62%, according to research from Houston’s M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for patients with type 2 diabetes, who are often obese and/or have insulin resistance.

Common variants of the gene that determines human blood type are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, according to a study by scientists at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and colleagues from many universities and research institutions. The study, published online August 2, 2009, in Nature Genetics, is consistent with an observation first made more than 50 years ago.

Young adults who are overweight or obese have an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, according to a study out of M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. In addition, the Houston-based researchers found that obesity at an older age is associated with a lower overall survival rate for patients with pancreatic cancer.

Pfizer announced results from a randomized phase III trial of sunitinib malate (Sutent) in patients with advanced pancreatic islet cell (neuroendocrine) tumors

A phase III clinical trial of sunitinib (Sutent) has been stopped early after the drug showed significant benefit in patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. An independent data monitoring committee recommended halting the trial after concluding that sunitinib demonstrated greater progression-free survival compared with placebo plus best supportive care in these patients.

In this case report, we discuss the presentation, workup, and therapeutic management of a 40-year-old man who presented with borderline resectable, periampullary pancreatic cancer and underwent a margin-negative resection following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

The authors describe the case of a 40-year-old man with an adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head with involvement of the superior mesenteric vein–portal vein (SMV-PV) confluence resulting in limited occlusion.

STOCKHOLM-A novel anti-neovascular therapy substantially extended survival time over standard gemcitabine (Gemzar) therapy in pancreatic cancer patients, according to the results of a phase II study presented at ESMO 2008 (abstract LBA7).

Localized pancreatic cancer, whether resectable or unresectable, is a separate entity from metastatic pancreatic cancer. Multiple studies have demonstrated that even in the setting of unresectable disease, the progression-free and overall survival of patients with localized pancreatic cancer exceeds that associated with metastatic pancreatic cancer.

Surgical resection offers the only potential cure for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Unfortunately, while perioperative outcomes have improved dramatically in recent years, few patients present with tumors that are amenable to resection, and even after resection of apparently localized disease, long-term survival is poor.

Gemcitabine (Gemzar)-based regimens have been the mainstay of front-line treatment for patients who present with advanced pancreatic cancer over the past decade, but most medical oncologists throw their hands up in frustration when considering what therapeutic options a patient is left with once he or she has progressed beyond first-line therapy. This is not without reason-as nicely summarized in the review article by Almhanna and Kim, studies in the published medical literature focusing on treatment of pancreatic cancer in the salvage setting have generally been small and have shown very modest clinical efficacy, characterized by low response rates and progression-free survival of a few months at best.

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. According the American Cancer Society, about 37,680 new cases are anticipated in the year 2008, and 34,290 patients will die from the disease.[1] This malignancy is a very aggressive tumor, and patients often present with advanced-stage disease. Surgical resection, when possible, provides the only opportunity for cure. Even with R0 resection, pancreatic cancer still carries an overall dismal prognosis, and therefore adjuvant treatment is offered.

Between YouTube and MySpace, it doesn’t take much to become an Internet sensation. But Randy Pausch, PhD, may have been one of the few Web stars who deserved the attention.

CHICAGO-Compared with observation, adjuvant gemcitabine (Gemzar) reduces the risk of recurrence by 45% and the risk of death by 28% in patients with resected pancreatic cancer, according to final results of the CONKO-001 trial.

The paper by Almhanna and Kim addresses a clinical dilemma in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, for which no standard currently exists. The review article concisely summarizes studies in the second-line setting that have been conducted to date, many of which have been published only in abstract form. The authors organize the studies into tables according to the number of agents in the trials and highlight the response rates and toxicities. The inclusion of study endpoints (both primary and secondary) would have made the tables more informative. In the article, the studies are organized according to the specific agent studied. Several of the studies continue to use gemcitabine (Gemzar) in combination with other agents in the second-line setting, but we have insufficient data to determine that continuing gemcitabine in this setting is worthwhile.

A large, multicenter study has shown that the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine (Gemzar) more than doubles overall survival in patients who have undergone surgery for pancreatic cancer. The CONKO-001 trial is the first large-scaled phase III study to show a benefit for any chemotherapy agent given to early-stage pancreatic cancer patients after surgery to remove their tumors. The trial data were presented by Hanno Riess, md, phd, a professor at Charité University Medical School in Berlin and the leader of the CONKO study group (abstract LBA4504).

Last month, ONI reported evidence from two retrospective studies and one phase II trial for the use of adjuvant chemoradiation in resected pancreatic cancer patients (Feb. 2008, pages 1 and 31). Now, RTOG investigators report a strong trend toward improved survival in patients with resected cancer of the pancreatic head with gemcitabine (Gemzar) plus fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemoradiation, compared with standard 5-FU chemoradiation (JAMA 299:1019-1026, 2008).

Patients who undergo complete resection of invasive adenocarcinoma of the pancreas are roughly two-thirds more likely to be alive at 5 years if they receive adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy, compared with no adjuvant therapy, according to the 30-year Mayo Clinic experience.

Overall survival after pancreatic resection can be markedly improved with adjuvant chemoradiation therapy, according to investigative groups who presented encouraging data on two different regimens at the 2008 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium.

new Mayo Clinic study found that 40% of pancreatic cancer patients are diagnosed with diabetes prior to their pancreatic cancer diagnosis

Buoyed by effective postprocessing techniques, modern multislice CT has swept away some of the modality's limitations in visualizing the complex pancreas and created new challenges for radiologists in assessing incidentally detected lesions

Erlotinib (Tarceva) is a human epidermal growth factor receptor type 1/epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor initially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen. In this report, we present the pivotal study that led to the approval of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine (Gemzar) in patients with locally advanced/metastatic chemonaive pancreatic cancer patients. The combination demonstrated a statistically significant increase in overall survival accompanied by an increase in toxicity. Physicians and patients now have a new option for the treatment of locally advanced/metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

Erlotinib (Tarceva) is a human epidermal growth factor receptor type 1/epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor initially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen. In this report, we present the pivotal study that led to the approval of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine (Gemzar) in patients with locally advanced/metastatic chemonaive pancreatic cancer patients. The combination demonstrated a statistically significant increase in overall survival accompanied by an increase in toxicity. Physicians and patients now have a new option for the treatment of locally advanced/metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

Erlotinib (Tarceva) is a human epidermal growth factor receptor type 1/epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor initially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen. In this report, we present the pivotal study that led to the approval of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine (Gemzar) in patients with locally advanced/metastatic chemonaive pancreatic cancer patients. The combination demonstrated a statistically significant increase in overall survival accompanied by an increase in toxicity. Physicians and patients now have a new option for the treatment of locally advanced/metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

Inoperable pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a dilemma that oncologists frequently encounter. Only 15% to 20% of patients are diagnosed when cancer of the pancreas is still surgically resectable. However, pancreaticoduodenectomy is the only curative option for this disease and should be offered to all patients who meet resection criteria and do not have significant comorbidities. For inoperable pancreatic cancer, the goals of treatment are to palliate symptoms and prolong life. Improved survival in locally advanced disease has been demonstrated with chemoradiation plus fluorouracil or with gemcitabine (Gemzar) alone. In metastatic disease, single-agent gemcitabine has been associated with improvement in symptoms and survival. Trials combining various chemotherapeutic agents with gemcitabine have not had a significant impact on overall survival, although meta-analyses suggest a small benefit. The targeted agent erlotinib (Tarceva) has shown a modest improvement in overall survival in combination with gemcitabine. This combination is another option for first-line therapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Despite these recent advances, survival for patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer continues to be poor. Future investigations need to focus on understanding the molecular nature of this malignancy, with the goal of developing interventions based on this knowledge.

Inoperable pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a dilemma that oncologists frequently encounter. Only 15% to 20% of patients are diagnosed when cancer of the pancreas is still surgically resectable. However, pancreaticoduodenectomy is the only curative option for this disease and should be offered to all patients who meet resection criteria and do not have significant comorbidities. For inoperable pancreatic cancer, the goals of treatment are to palliate symptoms and prolong life. Improved survival in locally advanced disease has been demonstrated with chemoradiation plus fluorouracil or with gemcitabine (Gemzar) alone. In metastatic disease, single-agent gemcitabine has been associated with improvement in symptoms and survival. Trials combining various chemotherapeutic agents with gemcitabine have not had a significant impact on overall survival, although meta-analyses suggest a small benefit. The targeted agent erlotinib (Tarceva) has shown a modest improvement in overall survival in combination with gemcitabine. This combination is another option for first-line therapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Despite these recent advances, survival for patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer continues to be poor. Future investigations need to focus on understanding the molecular nature of this malignancy, with the goal of developing interventions based on this knowledge.